This study examines the processes of collective transformations (radicalisation, de-radicalisation and moderation) within local armed Islamist movements in Syria, using a political process approach (PPA) as its analytical and theoretical framework. Using Ahrar al-Sham, Jaysh al-Islam (the Army of Islam), and Failaq al-Sham (the Sham Legion) as case studies, it
Digital media has shaped our world in the past decade, empowering people around the globe to express their voices and share ideas. The massive pace of digitisation has also transformed social movements across geo-political boundaries, such as the 2011 Arab Spring, the #MeToo, Hong Kong’s Pro-Democracy, and #BlackLivesMatter movements. Social
Rediscovered in the late seventeenth century by English explorers, it was not until the arrival of Robert Wood, James Dawkins and Giovanni Battista Borra that the ruins of Palmyra in Roman Syria were communicated more broadly to a Western audience. Wood’s Ruins of Palmyra (1753) – funded by plantation owner
Twenty years after the entry into force of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the international criminal justice project is as relevant as ever. With the failure of multilateral efforts to deliver justice to the victims of core international crimes committed in the context of armed conflicts in
A number of mostly Western analyses of Russia’s actions in Ukraine, and to a lesser extent Syria, claim that they represent a new-“hybrid”-form of warfare whereas Russian scholars typically use the term to reference Western actions against Russia. What do Russia’s operations in Ukraine (pre-2022) and Syria tell us about